Architecture as a Strategy for Crime Control

Architecture as a Strategy for Crime Control Urban Densification: Is it really the solution for sustainable cities? Architecture: The Tool for Crime Control Figure 1. The design of buildings and the arrangement of streets, public spaces and green areas might reduce crime rates The Parque Explora, Medellin, Colombia (American Society of Landscape Architects 2014). The worldwide concern about population growth and rapid urbanisation in many cities around the world has brought with it many social problems affecting sustainability and quality of life. Among the most serious social problems are crime and segregation. There is no doubt that crime and segregation are influenced by a multiplicity of factors such as economic, social, and governmental as well as physical elements (Marzbali et al. 2011). This disorderly expansion and informal settlements are generating empty spaces in the cities, creating a rupture in the urban fabric. Physical elements such as Rivers, railways, freeways even buildings are contributing to this rupture creating Social-Urban Barriers in cities. Katyal (2002) states that Governments need to pay special attention to the built environment towards the reduction of crime and social segregation. The design of buildings and the arrangement of streets, public spaces and green areas can affect the opportunity of crime (Soomeren 2008). The prevention of crime through environmental design or through urban planning and architectural design accompanied by communitys participation has proven to be a useful, effective, and feasible strategy to prevent crime and the sense of insecurity in cities (Marzbali et al. 2011). Countries throughout the world, such as Basil, Colombia, Australia, Japan, and Great Britain have used architectural design techniques to prevent crime. For example, the 2000 Sydney Olympics games, cleverly employed architecture to reduce crime by linking the new facilities with the existing neighbourhood (footpaths and streets), increasing street lighting in footpaths, modifying landscapes and creating visibility around sta diums (Katyal 2002). Therefore, this helped to increase profits, reduce incidents, and improvement on accessibility and enjoyment of the events. Figure 2. Sydney Olympic Park Railway Station Architects cleverly modified landscapes and created visibility around facilities   (Skyscraperscity.com 2006). A large number of experiments have shown that the number of certain types of crime can be reduced by modifying the opportunity to commit a crime in the built environment without having to move the place where the crime takes place (Marzbali et al. 2011). One of the most well-known and used methodologies for crime prevention around the world is the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). The CPTED approach starts from the premise that, in certain spaces, crimes are the result of the opportunities offered by the same physical environment (The State of Queensland 2007). This provides the basis for proposing that in order to reduce the likelihood of crimes, it is necessary to alter the physical environment. The strategies employed in this approach are (1) passive or natural surveillance; (2) natural access control; (3) territorial reinforcement and (4) maintenance (Katyal 2002). In addition, Katyal (2002) explains that the design should create opportunities for natural sur veillance by residents, neighbours and visitors and instil a sense of territoriality so that residents to develop proprietary attitudes and outsiders feel deterred from entering a private space. So, the goal is to build communities and avoid social segregation. A good example of the prevention of crime through environmental design or through urban planning and architecture has been taken place in Medellà ­n, Colombia, the former The worlds most violent city, which, by providing quality public transport to marginalized areas (Metrocable), improvement of public space, creation of library parks (active all day), accompanied by other policies to promote vitality in the community   (such as the creation of businesses), gave rise to the recovery of a marginal neighbourhood and the reduction of crime (Medina 2014). Figure 3. As part of an extensive urban integration project in a huge informal settlement in Medellà ­n, Colombia, the recently-constructed system of escalators with public squares and balconies addresses serious problems regarding connectivity, security and coexist (Jordana 2013). Undoubtedly interventions of the built environment allow preventing crime by fostering life on the streets and building communities, as well as improving social sustainability in cities. Architects, Urban Planners and others design professionals should take into consideration the surrounding environment in order to reduce crime rates. This intervention also requires among others, a properly functioning police force and criminal justice systems along with a model of economic development that creates viable opportunities to escape poverty and reduce social inequality. References Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Skyscraperscity.com. 2006. Sydney Olimpic Park. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=460665, accessed 27-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. American Society of Landscape Architects. 2014. Medellins Social Innovation. https://dirt.asla.org/2014/04/10/medellins-amazing-transformation/, accessed 27-03-2017. Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Netherlands Architecture Institute. 2013. Parque Explora. http://en.nai.nl/platform/innovation_agenda/item/_pid/kolom2-1/_rp_kolom2-1_elementId/1_1042577, accessed 27-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1.

Critical Lense Essay

Critical Lens Essay â€Å"Nothing can cure the soul but the senses, just as nothing can cure the senses but the soul† says Lord Henry, in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. This quote essentially describes that one’s mind can only be purified through one’s awareness of one’s surroundings and actions. It also shows that one can only view the world with an open-mind if one’s soul is purified. Purification is the innocence of one’s soul, and the goodness of it. This idea is expressed in The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, when Dorian Gray writes Sibyl Vane a letter proposing to marry her.This idea is also seen in Lord of the Flies by William Golding when Ralph and the other boys stranded on the island are found by an English trooper. Firstly, when Ralph and the other boys finally adapt to their environment of the deserted island and work together toward being saved, they start to purify their soul because the boys learn from their horrific actions on the island. For example, Piggy and Simon were two boys who were killed by the other boys. â€Å"Ralph launched himself like a cat; stabbed, snarling, with the spear, and the savage doubled up. This quote shows how Ralph acted like a monster, the use of alliteration increasing the intensity for the irrational behavior. Because of their rowdy behavior, the boys learned how the deserted island had influenced them to morph from proper English boys to cruel animals. The boys finally realize what the environment of the deserted island has turned them into and can see what their good deed of working together has done for them–being found by the English trooper and saved from becoming any more uncivilized.The boys were once blinded by the idea of survival but once they were found this idea soon disappeared because of the goodness in their Therefore the boys’ senses were cured by their souls and because the boys became aware of their surroundings, th eir souls in turn become pure. Finally, when Dorian Gray tells Sibyl Vane that he does not love her anymore because of her terrible acting one night in a play, Sibyl Vane becomes heart-broken. Dorian contemplates his thoughts once he returns home and decides that what he did to her was wrong, and he writes a letter to her asking her to marry him.Dorian was acting selfishly before, not realizing what he had said to Sibyl and its dramatic effect it has on her. â€Å"What are you now? A third-rate actress with a pretty face† were his words to her, harsh and like a slap in the face if you. This dramatic monologue shows the cruelty in Dorian’s actions toward Sibyl and how they made him feel guilty later on. When Dorian writes the letter, he purifies his soul because he learns that what he did to Sibyl was wrong and that he should try to amend his mistakes.This good action causes Dorian’s soul to be cured because his senses push him to learn from his faults. If Dorian did not learn from his mistake, he would not care about what Sibyl would be going through, and therefore his soul would still be tarnished. Because of his senses, Dorian realizes his blunder and tries to fix it, in turn making him pure and noble. Ultimately, both Dorian Gray from The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde and the stranded boys from Lord of the Flies by William Golding were curing their souls by their senses and curing their senses by their souls.This idea in theory seems to be one with flaws, but as one can realize now, one’s mind is something that needs to be cleansed of, and removed of sin in order to think properly and sanely. This can only be done through understanding one’s environment and one’s actions. Without sanity, one has no way of having a purely good soul. It is a part of human nature to act radical, but what is also part of human nature is to accept one’s mistakes and attempt to reform them.

Mental Process Paper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 813 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? MENTAL PROCESS Mental Process Paper Taumaoe A. Gaoteote OI/361 April 19, 2010 Patricia A. Lott In order for any organization to be successful and stay successful, it will need to have creative leaders and employees. Creative leaders and employees are the ones who introduce positive change and make quantum leaps forward in creating new products and processes. So it is definitely important that an organization create an environment or climate in which it promotes and encourages creative intelligence. This paper will talk about the four styles of creative intelligence and analyze their influence on organizational decision making. The day to day operations of an organization is comprised of so many different moving parts depending on what kind of product or service it provides to the consumers. For the organization to operate smoothly, and keep up with demands as well as future endeavors or projects, it is constantly under analysis and observations to determine what works and what doesn’t work, what is the competition like and how will it counter and remain successful. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mental Process Paper" essay for you Create order With all the analysis, based on past performance and productivity, the organization has to plan for the future so that it stays successful or so that it will meet or exceed expectations in upcoming years. This is just one of the scenarios that an organization goes through. The organization makes decisions constantly, but prior to making those decisions, there are a lot of things to consider. This is where creative intelligence is extremely important, because it will have a huge influence on the decision making process. An organization has to tap into the creative intelligence of its personnel because that is where the creativity, innovation as well as other factors that will insure an organizations success. There are four styles of creative intelligence; inspiration, intuition, imagination and innovation. Each of these styles influences the decision making process or any organization. Inspiration Dictionary. com defines inspiration as â€Å"an inspiring or animating action or influence†. It also says that it is, â€Å"something inspired as an idea†. Decisions are at the heart of leader success, and at times there are critical moments when they can be difficult, perplexing, and nerve-racking. When person or organization is inspired by an act or performance, it will influence the organization in making a decision because it is inspired, or through the inspiration of their Founder, Chief Executive Officer, or Manager. In any case, inspiration will influence the decision making process of any organization. Intuition Like it is mentioned in the text, this style focuses on results and relies on past experiences and performances in order to make a beneficial decision for the overall success of an organization. Intuition will have a huge influence on the decision making process of a person or an organization. Surely a person before making a decision on a purchase for example will consider his or her past experiences prior to making that decision. An organization is similar in that regard. An organization will take in to account what happened in their past concerning a process or product and the results of that prior to making any new decisions that may affect the success of the organization. Imagination This style focuses on the imagination or vision of the leader or employees. Having a certain vision of what and where the organization needs to be at a certain time, as well as what it should achieve by that time is important. When there is a vision, the vision becomes the mission or the goal for the organization, whether to be the leader in its service or the leader in the arena with regards to the product that it produces. That will have a huge influence in the decision making process of any organization. Innovation As mentioned in the text, this style â€Å"concentrates on problems and data and is very systematic†. In any organization, it is extremely important to have a leader or employees that systematically look at the entire organizational process, as well as its products to see if there are problems, or potential problems. This way, the organization can take steps to implement solutions to resolve those problems or prevent those problems from reoccurring. It is clear that innovation will truly have a huge impact and influence on an organizations decision making process. In the operation process of an organization, problems are going to occur, and mistakes are going to be made. These problems and mistakes cannot continue or it will stifle the success of an organization. Therefore, an organization will take those into consideration when comes time to make a decision. In Conclusion, creative intelligence is an important key, when it comes to the decision making process or mindset of any organization. More importantly, identifying those assets within an organization and exploiting those assets, by creating an environment where they are sought out for suggestions, recommendations will ensure long term success for any organization.

Art Of Near East Royalties - 1786 Words

Jinhwan Kim Professor Debin ArtHist 112 08 November 2016 Art of Near East Royalties Many people speculate on ancient artifacts with an eye towards its aesthetic value of contemporary etic perspective. While most people are not professional anthropologists who would try to be an anachronistic spectators of a so-called â€Å"unknown ancient society†, the interesting historical and cultural aspects are embedded within every art piece throughout the ancient world. The ancient near east nations were characteristic in their own values just like any contemporary society, and they are worth the discussion through various aspects such as cultural, ideological, and historical. The first art piece called Ashurnasirpal II and a Winged Deity, discovered in Northern Iraq, Nimrud, in 9th century BC opens our exhibition of ancient near east art. The presence of many contents such as artistic canon, hierarchy of scale and composite view is most correspondent to the characteristics of Old Kingdom period of Egyptian art. The subject depicted in the panel is king Ashurnasirpal II on the left and the winged deity, god Ashur. In addition to details, hierarchy of scale is used for clarification; both king and the winged deity fully occupies the entire panel in absence of background features, and the deity is shown to be slightly taller than king Ashurnasirpal ii, to clarify its identity. The hair, wings and clothes in both subjects are very much stylized, not very naturalistic, with circular spotsShow MoreRelatedAncient Works of Art in Fred Kleiner’s Gardner’s Art Through the Ages772 Words   |  3 PagesIn Fred Kleiner’s Gardner’s Art Thr ough the Ages, he has listed some of the oldest and most ancient works of art discovered from different archeological site, which were later transferred to various museums. 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